AMERICAN GOLDEN-EYE. 49 



Pa., is April 16 (earliest March 15, 1903). The migration in the Mis- 

 sissippi Valley is somewhat earlier; average dates are: English Lake, 

 Ind., March 11 (earliest February 27, 1892); Keokuk, Iowa, March 

 14 (earliest March 4, 1894); Heron Lake, Minn., March 27 (earliest 

 March 15, 1894). The first arrival was noted at Osier, Saskatchewan, 

 May 2, 1893, and at Fort Chipewyan May 22, 1893. Eggs have been 



■taken at Pewaukee Lake, Wisconsin, May 20, 1867; Minneapolis, 

 Minn., May 27, 1876; Turtle Mountain, N. Dak., June 14,1898; Rush 

 Lake, Saskatchewan, June 15, 1892. 



Fall migration. — Southward migration in the Mississippi Valley is 

 earlier than it is along the Atlantic coast; in the former the bird 

 reaches the Gulf coast about the middle of September, and has been 



■noted in the Valley of Mexico September 28; along the Atlantic it 

 appears at Alexandria, Va., on the average, October 23 (earliest arri- 

 val October 6, 1901), and it becomes common at an average date of 

 November 11. It was seen near Athabasca Landing September 4, 

 1903. The average date when the last migrants were seen at Ottawa, 

 Ontario, was October 30 (latest November 21, 1892); latest in Massa- 

 chusetts November 23; Erie, Pa., December 3, average date of the last 

 arrivals in southern Minnesota (eight years) November 13. 



Clangula clangula americana (Bonap. ). American Golden-eye. 



Breeding range. — This is one of the more northern-breeding ducks, 

 but its choice of hollow trees as nesting sites prevents the extension 

 of its breeding range into the treeless Arctic regions, to which it seems 

 well suited by its hardy constitution. It has been noted north to 

 Ungava Bay, Labrador; Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay; and Fort Good 

 Hope, near the mouth of the Mackenzie River. It is probable that the 

 species breeds in the heavy timber nearest to these places. In Alaska 

 it breeds commonly in the interior about as far north as the Arctic 

 Circle, but is very rarely seen on the coast. The species breeds from 

 Newfoundland to British Columbia, north to the Noatak River, but 

 the breeding range extends only a little into the United States, to 

 southern Maine (Calais, Magalloway River), northern New Hampshire 

 (Lake Umbagog), northern Vermont (St. Johnsbury), northern New 

 York (Adirondacks), northern Michigan (Neebish Island, Sault Ste. 

 Marie), North Dakota (Devils Lake), Montana (Flathead Lake), and in 

 British Columbia so close to the southern boundar} r that the species 

 will probably be found to breed in northern Washington. 



The typical form, Clangula clangula, breeds in northern Europe 

 and northern Asia, migrating southward to northern Africa and south- 

 ern Asia. 



Winter range. — As this is one of the hardiest ducks, its northern 

 distribution in winter is governed by the presence of open water. It 

 is tolerably common on Lakes Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, and in 



