OLD-SQUAW. 53 



south shore of Lancaster Sound — that is, to about latitude 74°., On 

 the western coast of Greenland it is common to about latitude 72°. A 

 few pass much farther north to Melville Island, Wellington Channel, 

 and along the whole western coast of Greenland and on Grinnell Land 

 to at least latitude 82°. The old-squaw breeds south to the southeast- 

 ern coast of Labrador, to Cape Fullerton on the west side of Hudson 

 Bay and probably to Cape Jones on the eastern coast. Along the 

 whole coast of the mainland from Hudson Bay to Alaska it breeds in 

 enormous numbers, and is a common breeder on the Alaskan coa.st to 

 the Aleutian and Near islands and on the Asiatic coast to the Comman- 

 der Islands. The species breeds in the Arctic regions of the Old 

 World and winters south to southern Europe and central Asia. 



Winter range. — Old-squaws are common south to Chesapeake Bay 

 and not rare as far south as the coast of North Carolina. So abundant 

 are they on the New England coast that near Newport, R. I. , in Feb- 

 ruary, 1899, a flock was seen that was estimated to contain at least 

 50,000. During the winter of 1887-88, a few were noted at Charles- 

 ton, S. O, and during the severe winter of 1894-95, flocks were seen 

 off the coast of South Carolina. There are two records for Florida- 

 near Titusville and in Leon County. In mild winters old-squaws 

 remain in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and some occur at this season in 

 southern Greenland. They winter abundantly on the Great Lakes, 

 and have been noted as casual visitors at St. Louis, Mo. , April 1, Novem- 

 ber 20, and March 14; New Orleans, La., February 28, 1885, and Feb- 

 ruary 13, 1899; Nebraska (Omaha, Neligh), Kansas (Patterson Lake, 

 Gantz Mill), and Colorado (Fort Collins, Longmont, Denver). This 

 species winters on the Pacific coast from the Aleutian Islands south- 

 ward; it is tolerably common to the coast of Washington, and not rare 

 to northern California; it is casual in southern California as far south 

 as San Diego Bay. 



Spring migration-. — The principal movements of old-squaws along 

 the New England coast are in April, and this is the time also when the 

 species migrates through western Pennsylvania and western New York. 

 The first of those that have moved south reappear at Grand Manan, 

 New Brunswick, on an average date of March 9, and at Godbout, Que- 

 bec, April 22. North of its winter quarters it is one of the earliest 

 ducks to arrive, and has been noted at Fort Simpson, Mackenzie, 62°, 

 May 10, 1904; Winter Island, latitude 66°, May 3, 1822; Igloolik, 

 latitude 69°, May 21, 1823; Boothia Felix, latitude 70°, June 12, 1830, 

 June 20, 1831, about June 16, 1833, and not until after June 25, 1832; 

 Prince of Wales Strait, latitude 75°, May 31, 1851; Mercy Bay, June 

 13, 1852; Winter Harbor, latitude 75°, June 22, 1820; Cape Sabine, 

 latitude 78°, June 1, 1884; Van Rensselaer Harbor, latitude 79°, June 

 16, 1854; Fort Conger, latitude 81°, June 17, 1882, June 6, 1883; 

 Floeberg Beach, latitude 82° 40', July 12, 1876. The last usually leave 



