‘DIGESTION OF FOOD, 301 
gestion is almost confined to the last division, which may be 
compared to the simple stomach of the Carnivora or of man; 
and, before the food reaches this region, it has been thoroughly 
masticated and mixed with saliva. 
Fic. 259.—Stomach, Pepa large intestine, etc. (after Sappey). 1, anterior surface of 
liver ; 2, gall-bladder ; 3, 3, section of diaphragm; 4, posterior sneer of stomach ; 5, 
lobus Spigelii of liver ; 6, coeliac axis ; 7, coronary artery of stomach ; 8, splenic artery ; 
9, spleen ; 10, pancreas; 11, superior mesenteric vessels ; 12, duodenum ; 13, upper ex- 
tremity of small intestine; 14, lower end of ileum; 15, 15, mesentery ; 16, cecum; 17, 
appeny ix vermiformis ; 18, ascending colon; 19, 19, transverse colon; 20, descending 
colon ; 21, sigmoid flexure of colon ; 22, rectum ; 23, urinary bladder. 
The reticulum is especially adapted for holding water, which 
may serve a good purpose in moistening and thinning the con- 
tents of the stomach. In the camels and llamas a portion of 
the stomach is made up of pouches, which can be closed with 
sphincter muscles, and thus shut off the water-supply in sep- 
arate tanks, as it were. 
The stomach of the horse is small, though the intestine, 
especially the large gut, is capacious. 
The stomach is divisible into a cardiac region, of a light 
color internally, and lined with epithelium, like that of the 
