THE BRAIN, 501 
tion when placed on its side; fly when thrown into the air; 
it will even preen its feathers, pick up food, and drink water. 
Its movements are such as might be those of a stupid, drowsy, 
or probably intoxicated bird; but it is plainly endowed with 
vision, though not as good as before. But spontaneous move- 
ments are absent, and the pecking at food, etc., must be comsid- 
ered as associated reflexes, and as such are very interesting, in 
that they show how machine-like, after all, many of the appar- 
ently volitional acts of animals really are. In a mammal so 
great is the shock, etc., resulting from the operative procedure, 
that the actual functions of the remaining parts of the brain, 
when the cerebral convolutions are removed, are greatly ob- 
scured ; nevertheless, little doubt is left on the mind that homol- 
ogous parts discharge analogous functions. It can walk, run, 
leap, right itself when placed in an unnatural position, eat when 
food is placed in its mouth, and avoid obstacles in its path, 
though not perfectly. Yet it remains motionless unless stimu- 
lated; all objects before its eyes impress it alike if at all. The 
animal evidently has neither volition nor intelligence. Now, if 
any of the parts between the cerebrum and the medulla be 
removed, the creature shows lessened co-ordinating power; so 
that the inference, that these various parts are essential consti- 
tuents of a complex mechanism, all the components of which 
are necessary to the highest forms of muscular co-ordination 
and probably other functions, is unavoidable. 
There are all degrees of consciousness, and it is quite impos- 
sible to determine the extent to which this is interfered with 
in animals treated as described. While there can be no doubt 
that for the possession of the higher forms of consciousness (as 
for the perfection of all visual and other sensory processes) the 
cerebrum is necessary. It would, however, be very hazardous 
to state that, apart from this part of the brain, consciousness 
did not exist. When the whole encephalon is removed, the 
spinal cord alone remaining, it would not be legitimate to in- 
fer consciousness in the sense in which that word is usually 
implied ; at the same time, in the intact vertebrate, we may 
believe that consciousness is in some sense, at least re- 
lated in indefinable ways to all the vital processes,.if not 
their actual resultant; inasmuch as, either directly or indi- 
rectly, the nervous system in all its parts is functionally con- 
nected, and influences and is itself influenced by every cell in 
the body. 
Since we are dealing with co-ordinated movements, we may 
