522 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. 
It will be seen that, as thus interpreted, phrenology is a very 
different thing from what usually passes under that name, and 
is paraded before wondering audiences by ignorant charlatans, 
In the main the doctrines of Gall are not without a certain 
foundation in facts; and the modern theory of localization of 
function bears a strong resemblance to what Gall taught, 
though with greater limitations. 
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¥ia. 382.—Diagrammatic representation of internal surface of right cerebral hemisphere, as 
seen in vertical longitudinal median section (after Flint and Ecker). 
Among the more modern observers, Flourens held that re- 
moval of small portions of the cerebral cortex produced no 
effect on either will-power or intelligence, but that if carried 
far enough both volition and intelligence were completely de- 
stroyed. Later observers, say, of ten years ago, maintained 
that the whole or the greater part of the cerebral cortex might 
be mapped out into areas with a definite function. The meth- 
ods of investigation have been clinico-pathological and physio- 
logical. 
It was found that, on stimulating certain areas of the cortex 
(e. g., the so-called motor area), certain movements followed, 
but that similar results were obtained when the electrodes were 
applied directly to the white matter underlying the cortex; 
hence the results of such experiments were not conclusive. It 
was held that, if certain regions thus respondent to a stimulus 
were removed, the movements of corresponding muscles should 
La ahaliahad. tn nathan -andn thann chawld ha lanelinnd naralv. 
