530 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. 
Pathology sheds some light on this subject. In diseases of 
the membranes of the brain, all the sensory phenomena may 
be so heightened as to become painful. Slight sounds, a little 
light, feeble vibrations, a gentle touch, all give rise to effects 
out of proportion to the usual ones. From the close proximity 
of these membranes to the cerebral cortex, we may assume that 
they are affected. This, together with the results of stimula- 
tion and removal of the surface of the brain, brings us some 
way on toward an explanation of sleep, dreaming, hibernation, 
hypnotism, and cerebral localization itself. 
One physiologist has given, as an explanation of hypnotism, 
etc., inhibition of the cells of the cerebral cortex, and this, with- 
in limits, is no doubt true. The facts of hypnotism and allied 
phenomena seem most of all to emphasize the dependence of 
the central cells when acting normally on afferent impulses, 
But we have already dwelt on this important subject suffi- 
ciently to render our meaning clear. 
CEREBRAL LOCALIZATION RECONSIDERED. 
An examination of the phenomena of the states recently 
considered can leave no doubt in the mind that certain parts of 
the brain, even certain portions of the cerebrum, may be active 
while the remaining ones are in abeyance or but feebly engaged; 
and, as has been seen, our every-day experience is an illustration 
of the same fact. The circulation in the brain points clearly to 
its being a collection of organs, with a certain degree of inde- 
pendence. It is therefore unreasonable to assume that all parts 
of the cerebral cortex discharge equally the same functions. 
On the other hand, it is just as unwarrantable to assume that, 
in the face of all the facts of physiology as now known to us, 
there are very precisely limited areas with as exactly restricted 
functions discharged independently of all the other parts. As 
we have frequently insisted, the functions of an organ are alone 
normal when in proper relation to all the parts with which it 
is connected—that is, in fact, with the entire body. We learned 
that any conclusions based on artificial fistule of the digestive 
organs could be only approximately correct at best, and might 
be'very far from the truth in the sense to which we now refer. 
To assume that there is only one path by which certain classes 
of impulses must travel in the spinal cord has been shown to be 
unwarranted. Therefore, to argue that because the removal of 
a aartain nartian af tha hrain aithar ja ar ia nat fallawed bv 
