646 ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY. 
bands are not alone to be taken into account. But there can 
be no question of a very great difference in the behavior of the 
Fia. 485. 
Fie. 484.—Laryngoscopic view of the glottis during emission of high-pitched notes (Le Bon). 
1, 2, base of tongue; 3, 4, epieloens « 5, 6, pharynx ; 7, arytenoid cartilages; 8, opening 
between true vocal cords ; 9, aryteno-epiglottidean folds ; 10, cartilage of Santorini; 11, 
cuneiform cartilage ; 12, superior vocal cords; 13, inferior vocal cords (bands). 
a A as seen by laryngoscope during production of chest-voice (after Mandl and 
rtitzner). 
vocal bands in the production of the falsetto as compared with 
the chest voice. 
As has been suggested, in the higher tones of the falsetto, 
the vocal bands are shortened and come together posteriorly, at 
allevents; and this may be produced largely by the action of the 
thyro-arytenoideus internus, and possibly several other mus- 
cles. There is little doubt that the whole breadth of the bands 
does not share in the vibrations. In many of its features, the 
high falsetto of the male voice is allied in production to the 
head-voice of females, in which only the central parts of the 
bands seem, in the highest notes, to be involved. 
In nearly all previous considerations of this topic, it seems 
to us that insufficient attention has been paid to the method of 
applying the blast of air by the lungs. The great importance 
of this in playing wind-instruments is practically recognized, 
yet in our own wind-instrument, the most perfect of all, it has 
received too little practical, and still less theoretical, attention. 
Pathological—_The results of the paralysis of the several 
muscles of the larynx, of the soft palate, etc., throw a certain 
amount of light upon this subject; it is not to be forgotten, 
however, that in this instance, as in others, the usual (normal) 
mechanism may be obscured through adaptations by unusual 
methods, so that the best is made of a bad case: 
1. When the widening of the glottis can not take place, and 
‘the glottic opening assumes the cadaveric position, owing to pa- 
ralysis of the crico-arytenoidei postici, there may be dyspnea. 
2, Paralysis of the arytenoideus transversus, in consequence of 
