Luntroduction. XXiil 
Trees, shrubs, or herbs with more or less conspicuous unisexual or bi- 
sexual flowers and seeds containing a distinct embryo 
Phenogamous Plants, 1 
Trees or herbs (Ferns, Horsetails, Mosses, Seaweeds, Fungi, &c.), 
without staminate or pistillate flowers; seeds (spores) destitute of 
anembryo . ¢ 3 7 . Cryptogamous Plants, p. 642 
( Stem when perennial ee of a central pith, concentric layets of 
wood, and a separable bark, increasing in size by the formation of 
additional layers beneath the bark, the latter expanding or renew- 
ing itself in proportion to the growth of wood. Leaves net-veined. 
Parts of the flower free or united, usually in fours or fives or 
some multiple of these numbers. Floral envelopes when present 
consisting of a distinct calyx and corolla, the former usually green 
and the latter coloured; or all the series similar, and then termed 
a perianth; or the sexual organs without any distinct whorl of 
i; investing organs, though sometimes subtended by bracts. Seeds 
with two opposite entire or divided cotyledons. Dicotyledons, 
Stem destitute of central pith, not increasing in diameter by annual 
layers, vascular bundles irregularly scattered amongst the cellular 
tissue. Leaves usually parallel-veined (or rarely net-veined, as in 
the Aroidez, Smilacinez, and one or two other orders). Parts of 
the flower usually in threes. Floral envelopes in one or two 
series, free or united in some degree, usually all coloured and 
similar in form, sometimes reduced to scales or scaly bracts, as in 
Grasses and Sedges. Seeds with one cotyledon . Monocotyledons, 3 
_ fon enclosed in an ovary (all orders ae Coniferee and 
Gnetacer) . - . Angiospermae, ¥ 
=| Ovules not enclosed in ani ovary Gi sage Me (Conifera and Gnetacce) 
L p. 419-457 
Petals when present free to the base or very slightly united, as in some 
Malvacee . ‘ ; .  Polypetale, p.% 
Petals usually vinited, nates. a shonepetatoas corolla, or rarely 
almost free, as in some Ericacese . : 5 Gamopetale, p. 218 
Petals none (in the plants described in this work). Perianth usually 
inconspicuous, sometimes coloured, as in Mirabilis; or none, as 
in the Cupuliferz, Conifers, ete. . ‘ , Apetale, p. 882 
of them coloured, rarely greon. Some of the plants belonging 
to this division have small inconspicuous flowers, destitute of a 
regular perianth, e.g. Aroidew, Typhacese . . . Petaloidee, p. 458 
Perianth none, or reduced to minute scales. Flowers often arranged. 
in spikelets, and enclosed in imbricated membranous or coria- 
ceous bracts, termed glumes. Fruits (in the orders referred to 
in this work) 1-colled, 1-seeded, the perianth-scales usually 
adhering to the fruits : 3 : . 8 Glumifere, p. 587 
E usually composed of six segments in two whats, all or some 
Cc 
Sus-cLtass L—DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS, 
1. Flowers having both calyx and corolla; petals free, 
A. Stamens more than twenty. 
§ Ovary inferior or partially so. 
