408 Fuglandacee. 
Pterocarya Caucdsica and Japénica are rare trees in culti- 
vation. They are distinguished by their female flowers being 
in catkins, and the fruits furnished with two lateral wings. 
Ph. fraxinifolia is another name of the Caucasian species. 
Fortuncwa Chinénsis is a shrub or tree from Northern China 
with smooth sharply serrated leaflets, and the female flowers in 
dense bracteolate cones or spikes. The fruit is small, 2-winged 
and concealed beneath the rigid scales or bracteoles. 
Orpen CVI—CUPULIFERA. 
This is an important order, including nearly all our indive- 
nous timber trees, besides a large number of exotic ornamental 
and useful species. Leaves deciduous in nearly all the hardy 
species, alternate, simple, entire or lobed or toothed, stipulate. 
Flowers monecious. Perianth composed of 5 or more segments, 
or absent in the male flowers, which are solitary or clustered or 
in catkins with or without bracts. Female flowers with an 
adnate perianth, sessile in a coriaceous involucre formed of free 
or connate bracts; ovary inferior, 2- or 3- or several-celled, 
with one or two ovules in each cell. Fruit a glans or nut, 
seated on or enclosed within the cupular involucre, by whortion 
usually 1-celled and 1-seeded, the other cells becoming obli- 
terated, rarely 2-seeded. Seeds large, destitute of albumen, 
and having large thick cotyledons. 12 genera, and about 280 
species belong to this group. The species are most abundant 
in northern temperate regions, but occur in the south, and 
sparingly on the mountains of tropical countries. 
1. QUERCUS. 
Evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs. Male flowers in 
loose slender catkins; perianth 5- to 10-lobed; stamens inde- 
finite, with slender exserted filaments. Female flower solitary, 
perianth 3- to 8-lobed, ovary 3-celled, styles 3. Fruit ovoid 
or oblong, 1l-seeded, seated in a cupule of imbricated scales. 
There are about 250 species belonging to this genus, none of 
which occur south of the equator. The name is of classical 
Latin origin. 
1. Q. Robur. Common Oak.—This is the most majestic of 
our indigenous trees, thouzh in height it is usually exceeded by 
