Roses. 585 
shaded and confined place. Dwarf, thick hedges, or other 
shelter at a moderate distance from the beds are necessary in 
exposed situations, especially for protection against the south- 
west gales, during the flowering season. A rich, deep, loamy 
soil is the best for all purposes, and where the soil is naturally 
poor, the addition of good rotten dung will be sufficient to 
produce the most satisfactory results. Roses delight in newly- 
broken-up pasture land, where the turf is turned in; and for 
a season or two very little manure is necessary. They are 
now grown in various forms, according to the taste of the 
cultivator, or the exigencies of the locality. Leaving climbing 
and tender species out of the question, we have dwarf bushy 
plants, either on their own roots, or budded, or grafted on 
some other form close to the ground; and those with stems, 
varying from a few inches to several feet in height, and 
termed half-standard or standard. No rules can be given to 
guide intending growers in selecting any particular form, fur- 
ther than to remark that the situation and associations should 
be studied. In very bleak localities tall standards should be 
avoided in favour of dwarf bushes. As a rule, the finest blooms 
are obtained from dwarf plants, especially when on their own 
roots, and most of the vigorous-growing kinds will succeed in 
this way. Standard plants are suited for mixing in with dwarf 
shrubs or Roses, and also in some situations as single specimens 
in the centre of a bed; but groups of standard Roses have a 
very stiff and unpleasing effect. And, moreover, those budded 
on tall stems are much more liable to early decay. However, 
all of the different methods have their advantages, and properly 
utilised are desirable. The Tea, Noisette, and other tendcr 
Roses are better suited for covering dwarf walls, or grown as 
dwarf bushes where they can be protected; a light, warm, well- 
drained soil being indispensable to success. Besides those 
varieties specially employed for planting in beds or borders, 
either as standards or dwarfs, there are many climbing varieties 
adapted for clothing pillars, walls, banks, stems of trees, or 
festooning. Descriptions and other information will be found 
in the first part of this work. 
To obtain abundance of flower, attention to pruning in 
accordance with the conditions of the different varieties is re- 
quisite. Nothing would seem more natural to the inexperienced 
grower than to prune freely where there is plenty of wood to 
cut away, and to spare the growth of the less vigorous; but 
