604 Classification of Plants. 
the parent forms. Amongst the more robust weeping trees 
with ample shady foliage, are the Purple and Green-leaved 
Beech, the variety pendula of Ulmus montana, and the Weeping 
Aspen (Populus tremula pendula). Sophora Japonica pendula 
is a very beautiful example of this peculiarity of habit. The 
Kilmarnock Weeping Willow (Salix Caprea pendula)is the ordi- 
nary broad-leaved form ; and several others, as well as Weeping 
Ash-trees, will be found described in the first part of this work. 
More or less pendulous varieties of the Oak, Birch, Almond, 
Laburnum, Thorn, Poplar, and Mountain Ash are grown, but 
they do not possess the sametitle to the appellation as those above 
mentioned. Besides the foregoing, there is a host of weeping 
forms of smaller slender shrubby plants, such as the Privet, 
Broom, small forms of Elm, Prunus, etc. These are grafted or 
budded on stems of common varieties, and form very pretty 
objects planted out singly or interspersed with shrubs. 
2. Frutescent.—The hardy species of woody plants coming 
under this denomination are even more numerous than in the 
first division, and offer greater variety in habit, foliage, and 
flowers. It should be borne in mind that many plants which 
never or seldom cxceed the shrubby state in our climate be- 
come large trees in their native countries. And consequently 
the term shrub will be understood as of relative or comparative 
application, and as sometimes indicating the young state of a 
tree. For example, in sheltered or otherwise favourable locali- 
ties, the following, amongst others, attain the dimensions of 
small trees: Rhododendrons, Sweet Bay, Arbutus, Portugal 
Laurels, Arbor-Vites, Hollies, Junipers, and Tree-Box. But as 
all of these in the ordinary way are shrubby, we include them 
here. Shrubs may be conveniently divided into two groups: 
Erect, and Climbing or Trailing. In each of these groups we 
may follow the same classification as that adopted for the 
trees. The term erect applies to all those shrubs that require 
no support to keep their branches off the ground. Thus we 
have :— 
a. Evergreen erect Shrubs.—Firstly, we have shrubs with 
ornamental foliage and inconspicuous flowers; and here again 
the Conifers afford an extensive choice. The compact forms 
of many of the varieties of Thuja occidentalis, Biota orientalis, 
Taxus, Buxus, pigmy Pines and Firs, Junipers, Retinosporas, 
Ligustrum coriaceum, ete., are very interesting, and suitable 
for small gardens, single specimens on lawns, and the foreground 
