606 Classification of Plants. 
b. Deciduous erect Shrubs.—Comparatively few of this class 
are grown for their foliage alone. Aralia spinosa, Rhus typhina, 
Elaagnus spp., Comptonia asplenifolia, Negundo fraxinifolia 
variegata, and some of the smaller forms of Maple, Elm, 
Beech, ete., are amongst the most familiar deciduous shrubs 
having ornamental foliage. In return, we have an almost be- 
wildering richness in varicty of deciduous flowering shrubs. It 
should be observed that many shrubs placed in this division are 
naturally evergreen in their native habitats, but our climate 
being more rigorous they usually shed their fuliage in the course 
of the winter. Occasionally, when we have a mild winter, they 
retain their foliage till fresh is developed. This is the case 
with such tender plants as some of the species of Cistus, Coto- 
neaster Simmonsii, Hydrangea Hortensia, Ligustrum Japoni- 
cum, Spirzea Lindleyana, ete. The larger-growing deciduous 
flowering shrubs include the Lilacs, various shades of red, 
purple, and lilac and white; Hibiscus Syriacus, white or 
purple or striped double and single-flowered varieties; Thorns, 
white, pink, or scarlet double and single-flowered varieties 
(usually grafted on tall stems); Guelder Rose, white; shrubby 
forms of Aesculus, pink, yellow, or white; Rose Acacia, pink ; 
Viburnum Lantana, white; Colutea arborescens, yellow; Caly- 
canthus spp., purplish brown or red; Caragana spp., yellow 
(the dwarf species are commonly grown as standards grafted 
on stems of C. arborescens) ; Snowberry-tree, white; and Sam- 
bucus nigra varieties, white. Next in order come the Seringas 
(Philadelphus), white fragrant flowers; Ribes, red, yellow, and 
white; Cistus, white or rose spotted with purple or yellow; 
Leycesteria, dark purple and white; Genista, Spartium, Cyti- 
sus, yellow, white, and pink; Rhodotypus kerrioides, white; 
Spirca, white, pink, or rose; Diervilla (Weigela), white, 
pink, rose, and crimson ; Deutzia, white or pink; and Rubus, 
white or rose single and double-flowered. Azalea Pontica, 
A. Sinensis, A. calendulacea, A. nudiflora, ete., and their 
hybrid varieties, various shades and combinations of yellow, 
purple, pink, rose, and white; Rhodora Canadensis, purple ; 
Rhododendron Dahuricum, purplish violet. A few species 
produce their flowers in winter or spring before the leaves are 
developed: Chimonanthus fragrans, yellowish green and red ; 
Daphne Mezereum, purple, pink, or white; Forzythia viridis- 
sima and suspensa, yellow; Cornus mas, yellow; Prunus spp., 
rose and white. Many of the Fuchsias, Hydrangea Hortensia, 
