Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 43 
Predisposing Causes—Hereditary disease, as scrofula or 
phthisis, an anemic or plethoric habit of body, sudden and 
frequent changes of temperature. 
Exciting Causes-—Exposure to cold and damp (especially 
in toy or house-dogs, frequently washed and not carefully 
dried, and who are used to a warm atmosphere), violent 
exertion, penetrating lung wounds. 
Symptoms.—The stages of pneumonia are usually three : 
Ist, that of engorgement, or congestion ; 2nd, red hepatiz- 
ation ; 3rd, yellow or grey hepatization, or purulent infil- 
tration. 
The early stage is generally ushered in with shiverings, 
followed by fever ; the pulse is increased, the respiration 
becomes quickened, there is an occasional short cough, the 
head is extended, the eyes bloodshot, nose hot and dry, 
tongue protruded and furred, edges of a deep red; the 
animal assumes a sitting posture, with the fore-legs wide 
apart. 
Ausculation reveals a crackling or crepitating sound, 
which is circumscribed according to the amount of lung 
involved ; this sound obscures to a great extent the respir- 
atory murmur in those portions not diseased, and as the 
malady proceeds this murmur becomes quite obliterated, the 
crepitus general and more defined, and the other symptoms 
all increased in severity. 
If the malady is not checked at this stage, it quickly 
passes on into the second. The crepitus on auscultation is 
absent, and no sound, except it be a slight wheezing or 
whistling noise, can be detected ; hepatization has then taken 
place, and inflation is but a cypher. The sound emitted on 
percussion at this stage is very characteristic of consolidation 
being flat and dead. 
The cough now is frequent, and accompanied with red or 
rusty expectoration ; the eyes have a sunken appearance ° 
respiration is performed with great effort and pain; the 
cheeks are inflated in the act, nostrils dilated, and the 
