Accidents and Operations. (371 
when the outside of the bone splits away similar to a tough 
twig when bent to break, is occasionally met with (Fig. 
34). This, in human surgery, is termed green-stick frac- 
ture, an illustration of which I once had in one of my 
FIG. 34. 
{INCOMPLETE FRACTURE. 
children, by falling from the back of a pony on to his hand 
and fracturing the radius in the manner described. 
Fracture without separation, is when a bone is starred, 
as it were, and held together by the periosteum ; it is rare 
in the dog, though common in the horse. 
The long bones are those most liable to fracture, more 
especially those of the extremities. Fracture of the scapula, 
pelvis, ribs, cranium, and vertebre are occasionally met 
with in the dog, and therefore demand notice in these 
pages. : p 
In the human being there are various predisposing causes 
of fracture. In the dog they are invariably the result of 
direct violence. The usual symptoms of limb-fracture are : 
deformity, loss of muscular power, pain, swelling, and 
crepitus. The reparative process in the dog is remarkably 
rapid, and, as a rule, when the parts are placed zx sztu and 
the splints applied, the animal seems to understand the 
injured limb is not to be interfered with, and is contented. 
to remain quiet. 
The treatment of fracture consists in reducing the sepa- 
rated portions to their proper position and maintaining 
them there when so reduced by the application of splints 
and bandages. 
Splints may be composed of wood, pasteboard, leather, 
or gutta-percha. The three first-named are retained in 
position by bandaging. The latter is rendered soft with 
