38c The Management and Diseases of the Dog. 
DISLOCATIONS. . 
Dislocation, luxation, or the displacement of a joint with- 
out fracture, is very commonly seen in canine practice. 
The dislocations usually met with are in the shoulder, 
elbow, knee, hip, stifle, hock, toes. 
Predisposing Causes—Congenital deformity, elongation 
of the articulatory ligaments, atrophied or weak muscles, 
previous luxation. 
Fic. 38. 
DISLOCATION OF SHOULDER-JOINT. 
Exciting Causes-——External violence, as falls, blows, 
twists, undue force in parturition, muscular action, volun- 
tary effort. 
Symptoms.—Displacement and deformity of the part; 
undue prominence, or the reverse, where neither should 
exist ; shortening or elongation of the limb, generally the 
former ; inability to perform the usual natural movements ; 
