102 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY 
some of the poplars and the horse-chestnut, they are cemented 
together by a resinous varnish. These coatings of some- 
what cold-proof and water-proof materials , increase the 
value of the scales as a protection jt against sud- 
den changes in the weather during the , colder months. 
In mixed buds the flowers are usually inclosed 
by the leaves and develop first (fig. 84, B). 
95. Opening of buds. Long before winter buds 
are ready to open they usu- ally begin to swell, and 
this increase In size may continue through several 
months. The actual opening 
sometimes goes on rather rap- 
idly, the scales being shed in 
such numbers as almost to 
carpet the ground, as they do, 
for example, in beech woods. 
The rudimentary flowers are 
generally much more sensi- 
tive to cold than the young 
leaves are, as every fruit 
grower knows. Flower buds 
are not so likely to be injured 
by continued cold weather 
as by severe frosts coming 
after the buds are partially 
open. On this account the 
growing of fruits which are 
not very hardy (such as the 
b.sc, bud-seale scars ; i, ig, iz, internodes ; peach) is safest in those paris 
1, lateral buds; ¢, terminal buds; se, leaf Of the Northern states where 
uta Pell eee a ett ae apg cscs 4 paeiaae 
spring and summer. The opposite lateral without interruptions. Parts 
twigs are of the same age as the portion of the eastern shore of Lake 
i,-iz. One third natural size oe : 
Michigan are for this reason 
well adapted to peach growing. Damage to buds often comes 
rather from sudden changes than from extremely low temperatures. 
he 
Fic. 88. Rapidly grown twigs of horse- 
chestnut in winter condition 
