FRUITS 157 
matures. Berries, as the botanist understands the term, are 
generally fleshy fruits resulting from the development of a 
several-loculed ovary. The grapefruit, lemon, orange, grape, 
persimmon, and tomato are true berries, though not usually 
called by that name. On the other hand, a blackberry or a 
raspberry (fig. 139) is not a genuine berry but a group of 
fleshy ripened carpels attached to the surface of a large re- 
ceptacle, and a strawberry is a group of little dry carpels 
embedded in a large, juicy receptacle. 
Pomes (apple and pear) have the seeds 
inclosed by the ripened and fleshy ovary 
wall, which may itself be inclosed by rip- 
ened and fleshy floral structures outside of 
it. Drupes (peach, apricot, and plum) have 
the seed inclosed by the ripened ovary, 
part of which has become hard and part 
of which is fleshy. 
148. Form and structure of seeds. 
Something has already been said (sect. 13) 
of the earliest stages in the formation of 
seeds. In the present chapter a very brief 
Fig. 139, Lengthwise 
section through a rasp- 
berry 
The fruit consists of a 
cluster of little stone 
fruits, each of which 
has much the structure 
account of their structure and mode of 
growth will be given, together with a 
few words in regard to the ways in which 
they are dispersed. 
\ very little observation suffices to 
show how greatly seeds differ in size and shape. It would 
not be possible to estimate accurately. without measuring both, 
how many times larger a lima bean is than a poppy seed; and 
there are some orchids whose seeds are not a hundredth as 
large as a poppy seed, while the coconut is vastly larger than 
any kind of bean. In form seeds vary from nearly spherical 
ones, like those of mustard and radish, to such thin, flattish 
seeds as those of milkweed and catalpa.t 
of a plum or a cherry. 
Every stone fruit is a 
ripened carpel. cal, calyx; 
7, receptacle; st, remains 
of style and stigma; 
8, seed 
1 The student should notice that many objects commonly called seeds, such 
as those of parsnip, lettuce, and dandelion, are not merely seeds but fruits. 
