MOSSES, LIVERWORTS, AND FERNS 263 
Tts cells contain chloroplasts and can manufacture their own 
food. Since this filament precedes the leafy moss plant, it is 
called the protonema, which means “first thread” (fig. 203, A). 
Fic. 203. The life cycle of a moss plant 
A, branching protonema, magnified 50 diameters. B and b, protonema producing 
buds (1, 2, and 3), rhizoids (rh), and underground branches (2) ; magnified 40 diame- 
ters. C', adult leafy plants (/.p), upon which are the sporophytes (s) with their cap- 
sules (caps), in which spores are borne, the capsule tip being covered by the hood, 
or calyptra (cal); natural size. D and £, enlarged capsules with the mouth, or 
peristome (p), from which the teeth (¢) extend; magnified 25 diameters. All are 
the moss utrichum undulutum except D, which is Fissidens adiantoides. 1 and 
B from Bonnier and Sablon; C, D, and # from Braithwaite 
