FEATURES OF ANIMAL FORM 39 



is of no concern to the judge himself, it being settled ac- 

 cording to rule by the official veterinarian, but one should 

 not be wholly dependent upon the veterinarian for the 

 detection and disposition of ordinary unsoundnesses. 

 There is no difficulty experienced in diagnosing bad 

 eyes if the lens has become opaque or the cornea clouded, 

 yet serious conditions may exist in the eye without any 

 such manifestations. These require the skilled practi- 

 tioner to identify them. A diseased condition of any 

 standing will result in atrophy or shrinking of the eyeball, 

 just the same as a lame foot gradually becomes smaller. 

 This reduction in size causes the eyeball to occupy less 

 space in the orbit, with the result that it retracts deeper 

 into the head, and the upper lid, not being distended by 

 the eyeball any longer, looses its even curvature and be- 

 comes notched with an angle. A widely dilated pupil 

 or one that does not respond promptly to changes in the 

 amount of light admitted, as when the eye is covered with 

 the hand and then quickly exposed again, is suggestive of 

 imperfect vision. 



62. Unsoundness of wind includes the so-called roaring 

 and heaves. While roaring may be understood to be any 

 kind of noise made in breathing, technically roaring is 

 made upon inspiration only and is due to the paralysis 

 of one of the cartilages of the larynx, that cartilaginous 

 sound box with which the trachea or windpipe begins. 



Horses with bullish necks that are thick in the throttle 

 and have a narrow angle between the branches of the lower 

 jaw may make a distinct noise when pulled, especially on 

 a curb bit, due to the compression of the larynx. This 

 noise, like that due to pressure from any other cause, is 

 most noticeable upon expiration and is relieved as soon 

 as the horse is stopped and the head released, while true 



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