40 LIVE-STOCK JUDGING 



roaring may continue till the breathing slows down and 

 may even be induced by threatening to strike the horse. 



Heaves are detected by the violent expiration when 

 the horse is exercised, the short, dry cough, the continual 

 dilation of the nostrils and the double lift in the flank on 

 expiration, the ordinary expulsion of the breath being 

 followed by a second additional effort. 



63. Unsoundness of limb involves the structure of the 

 foot, the bones, especially at the joints, the ligaments and 

 the tendons. Founder (Fig. 12), the previous existence of 



Fig. 12. — Shod and unshod hoofs in founder. 



which, unless promptly overcome, is indicated by the dip 

 in the wall of the toe, the dropping of the sole, the un- 

 even ringlike growth of the horn, and, most important of 

 all, the peculiar going on the heels ; contraction of heels 

 or soles ; cracks and thrush are of the first class. An 

 exostosis is a bony growth, the result of an inflammation 

 in the bone which causes a rapid throwing out of bone 

 cells similar to the formation of " proud flesh " in the soft 

 tissue. Exostoses located at definite points are specifically 

 designated as spavin (Fig. 13), when the hock is involved, 

 ringbone (Fig. 14) high or low, when at the first or 

 second pastern joint, respectively, splint when along the 

 splint bones of the carmon. The seriousness of the ex- 

 ostoses depends upon the extent to which the fimction 

 of the part is involved. After the acute inflammatory 

 stage has passed the exostosis may merely interfere me- 



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