182 LIVESTOCK JUDGING 



an excess of bone ; that the former deposits his fat in, as 

 well as upon, the lean, thus enhancing the actual value of 

 the carcass as well as increasing the dressing percentage, 

 while the latter accumulates an excess of fat about the 

 viscera, organs which, with the exception of the kidney, 

 are removed in dressing, the carcass showing no marbling 

 whatever ; that the fat of the beef carcass is of the sort 

 described above, while that of the dairy animal is high 

 colored and buttery, the lean of the former fine grained 

 and of good color, while that of the latter is cross grained 

 and dark colored. 



Cattle (Bos taurus) are the largest of the domesticated 

 ruminants. They were early domesticated and have served 

 the triple purpose of work, milk and meat in the order 

 named. They are especially adapted to the consumption 

 of large amounts of roughage and are thus conservators of 

 much that would otherwise be wasted. 



The types of cattle are beef, dairy and dual purpose. 



Beef Cattle 



The unsexed male or female, of immature age and in 

 prime condition yields the most desirable carcass of 

 beef, — bulls, stags and old females, especially worn-out 

 dairy cows, being utilized chiefly as cured beef or cut up 

 for the lower class trade. 



199. Production. — Since the best beef animal is the 

 one which hangs up the most superior carcass, the slaughter 

 test must be kept in view by the beef cattle judge, and 

 the most exacting demands of the consumer patron of the 

 retail butcher should be given due consideration. It 

 seems reasonable that the judge of beef cattle should be 

 a connoisseur of sirloin. Since quality of beef is one 



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