THE TYPES 213 



the size and placing of the teats, they being about all 

 of the mammary apparatus that is apparent at this age. 

 Teats of uniform size, placed equidistant and well apart, 

 are indicative of a large, well-formed udder at maturity. 

 Heifers, like dry cows, are usually in higher condition 

 than after calving, when their fat " milks away," as it is 

 commonly described. 



232. Method of inspection. — The cow should be 

 viewed first from in front, noting her feminine appear- 

 ance, her triangular wedge shape and size, then, more in 

 detail, the size, dimensions, proportions, contour and 

 features of her head ; passing to the side, observe again 

 the wedge form, outlined by her top and under line, also 

 her head in profile, her throat, the length and leaimess of 

 her neck, the lightness and the sharpness of her shoulder 

 and chine, the depth of her forerib,the thickness through 

 the lower part of her chest, the great depth of back rib, 

 the width of loin and hips, the length, levelness, leanness 

 and smoothness of her rump and the extreme leanness of 

 her thighs ; from the side the hide over the back rib is 

 handled to determine its thickness, looseness, pliability, 

 the amount and fineness of the hair and the abundance 

 and the color of the skin secretions, these secretions being 

 also examined in the ears, under the tail and at the depth 

 of the switch. Also, from this position, the size, form 

 and texture of the udder, the size and placing of the teats, 

 together with the size and course of the mammary veins and 

 wells may be determined. This examination should be 

 continued from the rear position, in which may also be 

 made out the inverted, perpendicular wedge of the hind- 

 quarters, the width of loin, hips and hindquarters, the 

 relative width of hook bones and pin bones, the leanness 

 of thighs, the width between them and finally the es- 



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