140 LUCK, OR CUNNING? 



up ready-made, or are manufactured directly by the> 

 tody, as being torn or bitten into shape, or as stones 

 picked up to throw at prey or at an enemy. 



Tools of the third degree are made by the instru- 

 mentality of tools of the second and first degrees ; as, 

 for_ example, chipped flint, arrow-heads, &c. 



Tools of the fourth degree are made by those of the 

 third, second, and first. They consist of the simpler 

 compound instruments that yet require to be worked 

 by hand, as hammers, Spades, and even hand flour- 

 mills. 



Tools of the fifth degree are made by the help of 

 those of the fourth, third, second, and first. They are 

 compounded of many tools, worked, it may be, by 

 steam or water and requiring no constant contact with 

 the body. 



But each one of these tools of the fifth degree was 

 made in the first instance by the sole instrumentality 

 of the four preceding kinds of tool. They must all 

 be linked on to protoplasm, which is the one original 

 tool-maker, but which can only make the tools that 

 are more remote from itself by the help of those that 

 are nearer, that is to say, it can only work when it has 

 suitable tools to work with, and when it is allowed to 

 use them in its own way. There can be no direct 

 communication between protoplasm and a steam-engine ; 

 there may be and often is direct communication between 

 machines of even the fifth order and those of the first, 

 as when an engine-man turns a cock, or repairs some- 

 thing with his own hands if he has nothing better to 

 work with. But put a hammer, for example, to a piece 



