THE ATTEMPT TO ELIMINATE MIND. 159 



Joints but so many wheels giving motion to tke whole 

 body, such as was intended by the artificer ? ' 



" Now this theory of conscious automatism is not 

 merely a legitimate outcome of the theory that nervous 

 changes are the causes of mental changes, but it is 

 logically the only possible outcome. Nor do I see any 

 way in which this theory can be fought on grounds or 

 physiology." 



In passing, I may say the theory that living beings 

 are conscious machines, can be fought just as much 

 and just as little as the theory that machines are un- 

 conscious living beings ; everything that goes to prove 

 either of these propositions goes ju^t as well to prove 

 the other also. But I have perhaps already said as 

 much as is necessary on this head ; the main point 

 with which I am concerned is the fact that Professor 

 Huxley was trying to expel consciousness and sentience 

 from any causative action in the working of the 

 universe. In the following month appeared the late 

 Professor Clifford's hardly less outspoken article, " Body 

 and Mind," to the same effect, also in the Fortnightly 

 Beview, then edited by Mr. John Morley. Perhaps 

 this view attained its frankest expression in an article 

 by the late Mr. Spalding, which appeared in Nature, 

 August 2, 1877; the following extracts will show 

 that Mr. Spalding must be credited with not playing 

 fast and loose with his own conclusions, and knew both 

 how to think a thing out to its extreme consequences, 

 and how to put those consequences clearly before his 

 readers. Mr. Spalding said : — 



" Against Mr. Lewes's proposition that the move- 



