SMALL FRUITS 193 
spring cut away all but three or four of the shoots nearest 
the main stem, and cut them back to eight or ten buds. 
Continue thinning out vines each year. 
Supports. The vines may be supported by tying them 
to posts or wires, or if the side of a building is to be 
covered, make loops for the vines out of strips of leather 
and nail to the building. 
Reproduction. Grapes may be reproduced by means 
of hardwood cuttings, in the same way that roses are 
reproduced (see p. 172), or by means of layers. Layers 
are made by placing a vine on the ground and covering 
it with soil at intervals. Roots will be put forth and 
branches thrown up. Later the vine may be cut between 
these buried places. This can be done at any time in 
the spring or early summer. Plants will be ready to set 
out late in autumn or early the next spring. 
Diseases. For black rot, anthracnose, and downy mil- 
dew, clean up and burn all dead branches and leaves 
in early spring. When the buds are swelling, spray with 
Bordeaux mixture so as to cover all the wood posts and 
trellises, as well as the vines. Ten or twelve days later 
give a second treatment. A third treatment should be 
given when the fruit has set. Two or three other spray- 
ings may be given if necessary. After the fruit is set, 
the ammoniacal copper carbonate solution may be used 
instead of the Bordeaux mixture to avoid discoloration. 
For leaf blight, spray with Bordeaux mixture every 
two weeks after the crop is harvested; it may be neces- 
sary to use three or four applications. Powdery mildew 
