200 Veterinary Medicine. 



inates 60 to 160 grammes daily. It has been found to be in- 

 creased by feeding on dandelion, carrots, clover, asparagus, 

 apples, plums, benzoic acid, oil of bitter almonds, toluol, cinna- 

 mic or kinic acid. It is absent in sucking calves, and horses fed 

 on grain devoid of husk. Pathologically it is increased in 

 hyperthermia, icterus, some liver diseases and diseased kidneys. 

 Test : Precipitate any albumen by nitric acid and boiling, then 

 add hydrochloric acid which precipitates the hippuric acid in long 

 needle-like crystals. Heated in a small glass tube it forms an oily 

 liquid, and heated to redness gives off an odor of hydrocyanic 

 acid (nitro-benzol) and carbon is left. This distinguishes alike 

 from uric acid and benzoic. 



Phenol is produced by intestinal fermentation. The horse 

 normally excretes about 3 grammes daily. Pathologically it ap- 

 pears in excess in indigestions, abscesses, softened discharging 

 tubercle, pyaemia, and septicaemia.. Test : Dilute solutions of 

 ferric salts give a blue coloration. 



Creatinin, a product of metabolism of albuminoids, is found 

 especially in the urine of carnivora and omnivora in health. It is 

 pathologically increased when oxidation is interfered with, as in 

 diseases of the lungs. Test : Add to the urine a very dilute 

 solution of sodium nitro-prusside and then drop by drop some 

 solution of caustic soda, when a ruby red color is shown and dis- 

 appears again on boiling. Acetic acid changes to blue. 



Acetone (C3H5O) is found in the urine of healthy omnivora 

 and carnivora and increased by excess of nitrogenous food. 

 Pathologically it has been found in fevers with much blood 

 change, in inanition, in cancer, in indigestions, and auto-intoxi- 

 cations. Test : To several c c. of urine add a few drops of 

 iodo-potassic iodide solution and caustic potash when iodoform 

 will be abundantly precipitated with its characteristic color and 

 odor. 



Oxalic Acid (C^H^OJ appears to be secreted in small 

 amount by healthy kidneys and it may also come from the 

 splitting up of uric acid after secretion. It is augmented by 

 feeding agents rich in oxalic acid (beets, fresh beans, asparagus, 

 tomatoes). Pathologically it abounds in certain indigestions, 

 and is associated with lameness and emaciation. Test : Add 



