HERNIA OF THE BlyADDER. 



This is commonly seen in the mammalian female in connection 

 with rupture of the floor of the vagina during dystokia. It has 

 also been observed without such lesion in both male and female 

 dogs and horses, the bladder forming a cystocele of the vagina, 

 or bulging between the anus and the ischium. 



Diagnosis is confirmed by careful palpation through the 

 rectum. The folding of the bladder backward obstructs the exit 

 of urine. 



Treatment, essentially surgical, might include replacing of the 

 organ and suturing of the wound, or, in the absence of a wound, 

 evacuation of the bladder by a hypodermic needle, and replacing 

 by palpation through the vagina or rectum. Sometimes suture 

 of the vulva is desirable. 



ANOMAI.IES OF THE BI^ADDER. 



Persistent urachus. Seen in the new-born and mainly in 

 males. Antiseptic closure is essential after having ascertained 

 that the urethra is pervious. 



Imperforate cervix vesicae. A case reported by I^apotre, in 

 a calf, had no cervical orifice, and the ureters were blocked 

 by pea-shaped nodules. 



Recto-vesical fistula. In a calf 13 days old the rectum 

 opened into the bladder and the faeces and urine escaped by a 

 pervious urabhus. (Kaufmann and Blanc). 



URETHRAL ANOMALIES. 



Imperf orations. In the new born male, foal, lamb, etc. Usually 



at the outer end, and it may be for some distance back. In one 



case the sheath was firmly adherent on the wall of the abdomen, 



thus shutting off all exit of urine. If the canal is absent only at 



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