SHOULDER LAMENESS. 197 



bring a concave foot in contact with a concave shoe ? The 

 toe should be slightly turned up, and not too short at the 

 heels. The hind shoes should be provided with heels. 



The nail holes should be three on the outside, and two 

 on the inside, and made straight through the iron, and not 

 incline inwards, and the shoe fitted to the foot, and not the 

 foot to the shoe. 



Dray horses should be shod with tips, or toes and heels, 

 which secure firmness of tread, and greater power when 

 drawing heavy loads, especially in cities with smooth paved 

 streets. 



Shoeing Unsound Feet. — Feet with corns, weak, flat 

 feet, convexed sole, and sand or quarter cracked feet, should 

 have shoes well-seated ; and it is advisable to throw some 

 extra weight upon the frog, for which purpose a bar-shoe 

 should be used. (See Foot Diseases.) Leather soles are 

 usefiil in weak-soled feet when the horse steps high and is 

 much used upon city streets. One-sided nailing answers 

 well for weak heels. Eing-boned animals should be shod 

 with easy fitting shoes, to avoid jarring. Horses having a 

 tendency to navicular or coffin-joint disease should have 

 shoes turned up a little at the toe, with the ground surface 

 of the wall well cut away, and the sole and frog untouched. 

 The art of shoeing horses consists in fitting a shoe to the 

 foot of a horse, for the purpose of protecting, and, at the 

 same time, not injuring it. 



Shoulder Lameness. — This is produced by a slip, or 

 side-fall, and is frequent with horses in cities having broad 

 rails laid on the streets for railroad purposes. In wet 

 weather these rails are very slippery ; hence the horse has 

 no foot-hold, the leg is stretched far out before the animal 

 and the muscles of the shoulders, and in some cases, the 



