262 



ORTHOPTERA 



their shape : the coxae are short, oval, or round, never large ; the 



trochanter is small; the front femora 

 often have the basal part narrower 

 than the apical, and they are fre- 

 quently so formed that they can be 

 stretched out in front of the head, 

 concealing its sides and outline and 

 entirely encasing the antennae. 

 There is an arolium or cushion 

 between the claws of the five- 

 jointed tarsi. The front legs are 

 frequently longer than the others. 

 Only a very slight study has been 

 made of the alar organs of Phas- 

 midae ; but according to Eedten- 

 bacher and Brauer, they differ 

 greatly from those of Blattidae and 

 Mantidae, inasmuch as the costal 

 vein is placed not on the actual 

 margin of the wing but in the 

 field thereof, and in this respect 

 they more resemble the Orthoptera 

 saltatoria. 



Very little information exists 

 as to the internal anatomy of the Phasmidae. Many years ago 

 a memoir of a fragmentary and discursive nature was published 

 on the subject by J. Muller,^ but his conclusions require con- 

 firmation ; the nervous system, according to his account, which 

 refers to Arumatia ferula, has the anterior ganglia small, the 

 supra -oesophageal ganglion being apparently not larger than 

 those forming the ventral chain. 



Joly's more recent memoir on the anatomy of Phyllium 

 crurifolium "- is also meagre ; he states that the nervous system 

 resembles that of the locusts (Acridiidae), though there are at 

 least ten pairs of ganglia — one supra-, one infra-oesophageal, three 

 thoracic, and five abdominal. He found no salivary glands ; the 

 Malpighian tubules are slender, elongate, and very numerous. 

 The tracheal system has no air- vesicles. He found no distinction 



' Ada Ac. German, xii. 1825, pp. 555-672, pis. 1, -liv. 

 ^ Mem. Ac. Sci. Toulouse, series 7, iii. pp. 1-30. 



Fig. 149. — Heieroptei'yx grayi, male. 

 Borneo. Oue-half natural size. 



