16 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull. 
subspherical, or occasionally more elongated or irregular,’ 
smooth, often with pitted contents, and 8-11p in length. 
Host and Distr.: Setaria Italica, New Haven, Sept. 11,. 
1903. 
So far this species has been found in this state only once, | 
in a small plot of Hungarian grass grown at the Experiment : 
Station. In some of the central and western states it some-* 
times causes considerable injury to its host. It can be pre- 
vented by seed treatment with hot water, formalin, etc. 
Ustilago perennans Rostr. The sori occupy all of the. 
spikelets, usually destroying the basal and inner parts (some/ 
times even running down slightly on the pedicles) ; they are 
oblong, 3-8 mm. in length, and have a somewhat protected | 
semi-dusty olive brown spore mass. The spores are chiefly 
subspherical or spherical, occasionally ellipsoidal to ovate, 
‘usually lighter colored on one side, minutely echinulate, espe- : 
cially on lighter side, and 5-8 in length. 
Host and Distr.: Arrhenatherum avenaceum, South Man- 
chester (Thaxter). 
This is closely related to the oat smuts. Its mycelium be-- 
comes perennial in the underground parts of the host, and so 
smuts the infested plants year after year. 
Ustilago Avene (Pers.) Jens. Figs. 23, 43. The sori 
appear in all of the spikelets, completely destroying all the 
floral parts, except a very temporary transparent covering 
membrane; eventually the olive brown dusty spore mass be- 
comes dissipated, leaving behind only the naked pedicles. The 
spores are reddish brown, lighter colored on one side, sub- 
spherical to spherical, or occasionally more elongated, mi- 
nutely echinulate, especially on the lighter side, and chiefly 
5-9 in length. 
Host and Distr.: Avena sativa, New Haven, July 8, 
July 28, Aug. 17, 1902, Aug. 9, 1903; West Cornwall, July 18, 
1902; Westville, July 7, 1903; West Haven, July 22, 1903. 
This is a common pest in the oat fields of the state, though 
the per cent. of infected plants is smaller than in the central 
and western states. It yields to seed treatment. 
Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Kell. & Sw. Fig. 47. The sori 
infest all of the spikelets, changing each into an olive brown,: 
