242 COMPOSITiE. Silphium. 



a form passing into var. reniforme, Torr. & Gray, 1. c, has rounder leaves, some only sinuate- 

 dentate, otliers deeply palmately cleft. 5. elatum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 579. S. terehinthinaceum, 

 Ell. Sk. ii, 46.3, not Jacq. S. reniforme, Raf. Jled. Fl. ii. 283 ; Nutt. Trans. Am. Pliil. Soc. 

 vii. 341. — Pine woods and barrens, N. Carolina tu Florida. 

 - S. terebinthinaceum, J.w;q. (Peaieie Dock.) Stem 4 to 9 feet high, bearing several 

 or numerous large heads : leaves of thick and firm texture, cordate-oblong or sometimes 

 ovate-oblong, a foot or two long (besides the long petiole), dentate with very many small 

 teeth, becoming rough in age : involucre nearly an inch high : rays an inch or more in 

 length : akenes obovate, narrowly winged, merely emarginate and obscurely 2-toothed at 

 summit. — Hort. Viudob. i. t. 43 ; L. f. Suppl. 383; Gairtn. Fruct. ii. 445, t. 171; Schk. 

 Handb. t. 262 ; Ilook. Bot. Mag. t. 3525 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. — Prairies and dry open wood- 

 lands, Ohio and Jiichigan to Iowa and south to W. Georgia and Louisiana. 



Var. pinnatlfldum, Gkat. Leaves laciniately or siuuately pinnatifid. — Man. ed. 1, 

 220. S. pinnailjidum. Ell. 1. c. — Ohio and W. Georgia, not common. 



##:)(!* Stem terete (striate when dried), bearing alternate deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid 

 coriaceous leaves, and sessile or short-pednncled large heads racemosely disposed along the 

 naked summit, and bracteate: involucre rigid; its bracts ovate, thickened and at lengtii coria- 

 ceous at base, with equally long or longer and spreading foliaceous acumination : rays numer- 

 ous : herbage scabrous-hispidulous or hispid, very rough when dried. — Cojip.vss-Plants. 



S. laciniatum, L. Stem 3 to 6 and even 12 feet high : radical leaves (a foot or two long) 

 long-petioled, once or twice pinnately parted or below divided, the divisions and lobes lan- 

 ceolate to linear ; cauline with petiole simply dilated at base, or with stipuliform and some- 

 times palmatifid appendages ; upper sessile and reduced to bracts : involucre inch or more 

 high and broad : rays numerous, inch or two long, bright yellow : akenes half-inch long, 

 oval, glabrous or nearly so, with narrow wing widening upward and an open shallow notch; 

 no awns. — Spec. ii. 919; L. f. Dec. 5, t. 3; Jacq. f. Eel. 1, t. 90; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; 

 Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 46 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6534. S. spicatum, Poir. Suppl. 

 f. 157. 6'. gummifernm, Ell. Sk. ii. 460. — Prairies, Wisconsin to Dakota and south to 

 Alabama, Kansas, and Texas. Leaves vertical and, especially the radical ones, disposed to 

 place the edges north and south, — in respect to which there is abundant literature. See 

 Alvord in Am. Naturalist, xvi. 626. 



S. albiflorum, Gray. Low, a foot to barely a yard high, very scabrous: leaves rigid, as 

 broad as long, more disposed to pedate division ; dilated base of petiole entire : tips of invo- 

 lucral bracts seldom surpassing the disk : rays white, about inch long : akenes puberulent ; 

 the narrow wing produced and dilated at summit into somewhat triangular teeth which are 

 adnate to a pair of subulate and more or less projecting awns, the notch narrow. — Proc. 

 Am. Acad. xix. 4. — On cretaceous rocks, W. & N. Texas, Reverchon. 



71. BERLANDIERA, DC. {J. L. Berlandier, a Genevese botanist 

 and collector, explored parts of Texas and Mexico, died at Matamoras in 1851.) 

 — Perennial herbs (of the southeastern borders of the U. S.) ; with canescent 

 or cinereous herbage, thick roots, alternate leaves, and pedunculate heads : the 

 rays j'ellow : involucre radiately expanding in fruit. Fl. spring and summer. — 

 Prodr. V. 517 ; Benth. PI. Hartw. 17 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 280. 



# Stems leafy up to the inflorescence of mostly rather numerous and short-peduncled heads: 

 leaves crenate, some or all the caulhie cordate ; radical oblong. 



B. Texdna, DC. Hirsute-tomentose ; the pubescence not pannose, that of the (2 or 3 feet 

 high) very leafy stem commonly liirsutc or villous, the coarser hairs many-jointed: cauline 

 leaves from oblong-cordate to subcordato-lanceolate, greenish, merelv cinereous beneath, 

 somewhat scabrous ixbove ; upper closely sessile, lower short-petioled": heads usually fa.s- 

 tigiate-cymose. — I'rodr. 1. c. ; Deless. Ic. Sel. i^■. t. 26 ; Torr. & (;ra\', 1. c. B. lonijifoUa, Nutt. 

 Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 342. — iMargin of woods and hillsides,' Texas (first coll. bv Ber- 

 landier), W. Louisiana and Arkansas to S. AV. Jtissouri. Leaves of Briniiini. 



Var. betonicifolia, Torb. & Gray, l c. A form with, most of the cauline leaves 

 petioled, and the peduncles hirsute witli j.urplish haiis. — isilphium betonicifolium, Hook. 

 Comp. Bot. iMag. i. 99. — Louisiana, DnimiiMiid. 



