252 COMPOSITE. Franseria. 



fruiting involucre with single subulate beak as long as the body, the latter bearing about 10 

 rather long rigid subulate-acerose spines, tliese nearly equalled by the long -vvhitish wool. — 

 Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 355, & Bot. Calif, ii. 345. Here also belongs the flowerless specimen 

 coll. by Newberry, mentioned under /•'. ariemisioides in the Colorado Expedition of Ives ; 

 and this is probably the nearest relative of F. chenvpodiifoUa, Benth. — Arid region, S. E. 

 California and adjacent Nevada, Cooper, Newberry. Arizona and S. Utah, Parnj, Palmer, 

 Lemmon. 



§ 2. Spines of tlie larger and 2-4- (commonly 3-) flowered involucre very 

 numerous, comparatively slender, and conspicuously unciuate-tipped in the man- 

 ner of Xanthtum. (But the S. American F. arteiJiisioides has stout spines.) — 

 § Xanthiopsis, DC. 1. c. 



F. ambrosioides, Cat. Shrubby, 4 or 5 feet high, cinereous-pubescent : leaves rather 

 long-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, mostly truncate or subcordate at base, acuminate, irregularly 

 dentate or serrate, 2 to 4 inches long ; petiole naked : fruit ovoid, nearly half-incli and slender 

 prickles 2 lines long. — Ic. ii. 79, t. 200 (excl. syn ) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 346. Xiintliir/ium 

 ambrosioides, Delpino, Stud. Comp. Artemis. 63. — Arizona, Bigeloiv, Palmer, Prixijle, &c. 

 (Lower Calif., Mex.) 



F. ilicifolia, Gk.4.t. Shrubby, at least the branches hirsute, very leafy: leaves rigidly 

 coriaceous, scabrous, reticulate-veiny, sessile, somewhat clasping, oblong-ovate, coarsely den- 

 tate, the teeth and apex spinose : heads ovoid, those seen only 2-ceUed. — Proc. Am. Acad, 

 xi. 77. — Canons beyond the southern border of San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Gila 

 Desert, Arizona, Levimon, foliage only. 



83. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cockle-bl-r, Clot-bur. (Old Greek name 

 of some plant the fruit of vrhich, in the time of Dioscorides, was used to dye the 

 hair yellow.) — Coarse annuals, chiefly American, of the warmer region, but 

 now widely dispersed weeds ; with branching stems, alternate and usually lobed 

 or toothed leaves, and mostly clustered heads of greenish or yellowish flowers, 

 in terminal and larger axillary clusters of both sexes, the male uppermost ; the 

 lower of few or solitary female heads in axils of leaves : fl. summer and 

 autumn. — Gsertn. Fruct. t. 164; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 291; Benth. & Hook. 

 Gen. ii. 355. 



§ 1. Leaves cordate or ovate, 8-ribbed from the base, with dentate margins 

 and often incised or lobed, on long petioles : axils unarmed : fruiting involucre 

 with two prominent indurated beaks. — § Euxantliium, DC. Prodr. v. 523. — Per- 

 haps all derivatives of a single species. 



■ X. STEUMAEiUM, L. A foo^ Or two high: fruiting involucre haH to two-thirds inch long, 

 glabrous or puberulent ; the beaks straight and rarely at all hooked at maturity, and spines 

 rather slender. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1400; Fk Dan. t. 270; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 291. — A weed 

 of barnyards and in cult, grounds. (Sparingly nat. from En.'! or Ind.?) 



-X. Canadense, Mill. Stouter : stem often punctate with brown spots : fruiting involucre 

 about an inch long, densely beset witli r.-ither long prickles, the stout beaks at maturity 

 usually hooked at the tip or incurved, the surface and base of tlic prickles more or less hispid, 

 sometimes glabrate. — Diet. ed. 8, first after L. Spec. A', majiis Canadense, TIerm. Lugd. 

 635. A", ehiliiis Ameriramm, etc.. Moris. Hist. iii. C04, sect. 15, t. 2, fig. 2. X. Carolinense, 

 etc.. Dill. Elth. ii. 432, t. 231. A', orientate, L. 1. c, in part. A; Americanum, Walt. Cai-' 

 231. A', macrocarpum, var. ijlabratim, 1 )C. Prodr. 1. c. A". .<:truiiuirlum, ^•a^. Canadeii.'^e, Torr. 

 & Gray, El. ii. 204. — Alluvial shores and waste grounds, from Texas to Saskatchewan, 

 Nevada, and California : perhaps extctnded northward by man's indirect agency. In brackish 

 soil it becomes 



— • Var. echin^tum. A form, nsiially dwarf, with still denser and lon,';-er prickles, these 

 coiispiiuously hirsute (ir hispid. — .V. erhinaliim, Murr. Conim. (ia'tt. vi. 32, t. 4; Torr. & 

 Gray, Fl. ii. 294. X. maciihituin, liaF. in Am. Jnur. Sci. i. 151. A'. miicr„earpnm, DC. il. 

 Er. Suppl. 35B, & Prodr. 1. c. Saudy sea-shores aud on the Great Lakes. (S. Am.) 



