HORNBEAM 



the ground. Ring-boundaries extremely fine, inconspicuous 

 lines. Flecks, long, narrow brown bands. 



Tangential Section. As the Radial, but the larger rays appear 

 as lines several inches high : the smaller about o - 5 mm. high. 



Type specimens from commercial sources and also from trees 

 known before felling. 



No. 191. RED ALDER. Alnus rubra. Bong. 



Plate XIV. Fig. 121. 



Natural Order. Cupuliferse. , 



Synonym. A. glutinosa, Pursh.(notWilld.). A. oregona, Nutt, '* 



Sources of Supply. United States and Canada. 



Alternative Names. Western Alder (12). Alder (2). Oregon 

 Alder (49). 



Physical Characters, etc. Recorded dry-weight 30 lbs. per 

 cu. ft. (No other details, as I have no solid specimen.) 



Bark. " Thin, scarcely more than £ in. in thickness, smooth, 

 excepting for very slight transverse ridges and excrescences, and 

 is of a more or less mottled pale grey colour and often nearly 

 white " (49). 



Uses, etc. " A large tree " (12). " Much of it is under 2 ft. in 

 diameter . . . runs up to a considerable height, very straight 

 . . . furniture, inside finishing " (2). " Light, soft, not strong, 

 brittle, very close-grained, compact and easily worked . . . 

 furniture . . ." (100). " Wooden ware . . . dug-out canoes " 



(49). 



Authorities. Macoun (65), p. 437. Anderson (2), p. 13. Sar- 

 gent (100), p. 113. Hough (49), pt. ix. p. 40. 



Colour. " Light brownish, nearly white " (2). " Light brown 

 tinged with red. Sap-wood nearly white " (100). " Assumes a 

 brownish tint upon exposure to the air " (49). 



Rays. " Distinct, broad " (100). 



No. 192. HORNBEAM. Carpinus Betulus. Linn. 



Plate XIV. Fig. 122. 



Natural Order. Cupulifera. 



Alternative Names. Yoke-elm (48). Weissbuche : Hain- 

 buche : Hagebuche : Hornbaum (131). Hagbuche (81). Car- 

 pin : Charme in France : Carpy : Hardbeam : Quick-tree : 

 Quickbeam : Quickenbeam (Glaser's Taschenworterbuch). 

 Charmelle (69). 



Physical Characters, etc. Recorded dry-weight 45-56J lbs. 

 per cu. ft. Nordlinger quotes the specific gravity as o , 92-i , 25. 

 The latter figure is equal to 75 - 625 lb. per cu. ft. and must, I 



219 



