THE TIMBERS OF COMMERCE 



Colour. Pink or pinkish-white to brown. Sap-wood about 

 2 in., wide : white. Sharply defined from the heart. 

 Anatomical Characters. Transverse section : — 

 Pores. Need lens, size 3-4, rare in the Autumn zone ; almost 

 uniform in size ; 35-85 per sq. mm. ; often something approach- 

 ing to a pore-zone ; single or in groups of from 2-17 pores, mostly 

 one-rowed but some two-rowed groups ; in a radial or oftener 

 a tree-like arrangement. 



Rays. Need lens, size 5-7, uniform ; equidistant, the ends 

 being a pore-width apart ; weak but running round the large 

 pores only ; scarcely denser than the ground- tissue ; very many, 

 10-17 P er mm - > taper considerably ; brown. 



Rings. Very clear in transparent section, less so in the solid 

 but still definite. Boundary a line of Autumn wood. 



Soft-tissue. A series of fine, concentric fines (micro.) in the 

 Spring zone which break up in the Autumn zone wood to vague 

 bars ; also encircling and imbedding the pores and joining them 

 into a tree-like (dendritic) arrangement. White and clearly 

 visible to good eyesight. 

 Pith.? 



Flecks. Narrow oval flecks occasionally. 

 Radial Section. Much lighter in shade than the transverse 

 section. Pores need lens: minute colourless fines: bright 

 when empty. Rays minute, inconspicuous, dull, whitish flakes. 

 Rings not prominent but still clear, brown lines. 



Tangential Section. As the Radial, but the rays are just per- 

 ceptible with lens (better with micro.), after moistening : brown, 

 rather broad, spindle-shaped lines, about o - 3 mm. high. Soft- 

 tissue not visible to the unaided eye. 



Type specimens from commercial sources, also authenticated 

 by Hough. 



No. 194. HOP HORNBEAM. Ostrya carpinifolia 



Scop. 



Plate XIV. Fig. 123. 



Natural Order. Cupuliferse. 



Synonyms. O. italica. Spach. O. vulgaris. Willd. (not Wats.). 

 Carpinus italica. Scop. 



Sources of Supply. Southern Europe, Asia Minor. 



Alternative Names. Ostrya commun : Charme-houblon in 

 France (69). Hopfenbuche and Schwartzbuche, in Ger- 

 many (131). 



Physical Characters, etc. Recorded dry-weight 57 to 58 lbs. 

 per cu. ft. Hardness Grade 3, compare Common Hornbeam. 

 Smell or taste none. Burns well with a quiet steady flame : 



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