THE TIMBERS OF COMMERCE 



Ground-tissue. Spongy and coarse : cells diminishing out- 

 wards considerably and becoming opaque and filled with resin, 

 in regular radial rows : very irregular in size between one row 

 and another of the same ring. 



Pith. ? 



Horizontal Rcstn Ducts. Abundant on the limit of vision, bu1 

 as they bleed and stain the adjoining wood they become readily 

 visible specks in Tangential section. 



Radial Section. Much lighter in shade than the transverse. 

 Ducts appear as long, smeary lines. Rays scarcely prominent, 

 but clear for a Conifer : brown, narrow and distinct. Rings (see 

 Colour). 



Tangential Section. As the Radial, but the smeary ducts 

 are a feature. Rays need microscope, and are easily confused 

 with oblique sections of the ducts : brown, blunt lines about 

 o*2 mm. high. Rings sharply defined loops : the Spring zones are 

 of a peculiar hoary appearance, scarcely if at all frosted : covered 

 with stains and small spots both in the Spring and Autumn wood. 

 (Plate XXII. Fig. 177.) 



Type specimens from commercial sources ; also authenticated 

 by Hough. 



No. 242. DEAL. Pinus sylvestris. Linn. 



(Not of Baume., Gouau., Herb., Lour., Mill., or Thunb.) 



Plate XVI. Fig. 137. 



Natural Order. Coniferas. 



Sources of Supply. Northern Europe, Asia and America. 



Alternative Names. Scotch Pine, Scots Fir, Red or Yellow 

 Deal. Red, Yellow, Riga, Memel, Danzig, Stettin, Swedish, Nor- 

 way, Polish, etc., Fir : Northern Pine, Red-wood, White-wood 

 (60). Pin sylvestre, Sapin rouge du Nord, Bois rouge du Nord 

 (92). Wild Pine J48). Pin de Hagenau : Pin a mature (70). Pin 

 sauvage, Pin d'Ecosse (113). Pin de Geneve, P. d'Auvergne, P. 

 blanc d'Autriche (92). Gemeine Kiefer, Fohre, Fork, Forche 

 (123). Kiehne, Weiss-Kiefer (129). 



Physical Characters, etc. Recorded dry-weight 19I-52 lbs. per 

 cu. ft. Hardness Grade 7, compare Birch, or rather softer. Smell 

 characteristic (dealy). Taste flat. Burns very well with a lively 

 crackling flame and a tarry smell: embers glow in still air: ash 

 dark- coloured : usually brown. Solution pale. 



Grain. Smooth, even, coarse in appearance, but the pores are 

 very inconspicuous unless soiled. Surface lustrous, the Spring 

 wood appearing crystalline under the lens, the Autumn wood of a 

 resinous lustre. 



Uses, etc. Almost too well known to mention. " Durable : 



272 



