THE TIMBERS OF COMMERCE 



Bark. " Light brown, greyish-brown, checked into elongated 

 patches, the outer surface of which flake off in irregular, friable 

 scales " (49) or in " thin strips " (37). 



Uses, etc. " Durable, strong . . . opinions differ as to its 

 durability . . . spars, church fittings, houses, works of con- 

 struction, ships, sleepers, interiors . . . tough : shrinks " (49). 

 "Durable in the earth . . . a paving wood of the first order" 

 (92). 



Authorities. Kew Cat. Conif., p. 95. Nordlinger (86), vol. 

 viii. p. 10. Laslett (60), p. 373. Stevenson (113). Hough (49), 

 pt. v. p. 51. Hutchins (51). Petsche (92), p. no. Wiesner 

 (131), L. 6, p. 54. 



Colour. In alternate bands of a resinous colour and lighter 

 brown. " Sap-wood lighter " (49). 



Anatomical Characters. Transverse section (compare No. 242). 



Pores. Present as resin-canals : rather large : few : generally 

 isolated : size 2 : usually imperfect in the lining-cells, and on 

 this account appear about size 00 in a thin section. 



Rays. Just visible, size 5-6 : brown, strong, short, rapidly 

 tapering : gently undulating : large ones rare if any. 



Rings. Conspicuously marked by a dark firm belt of Autumn 

 wood : sometimes a mere line, but always a bold contrast, the 

 Autumn wood being sharply cut off from both the Summer and 

 Spring wood. 



Ground-tissue. That of the Spring very coarse : that of the 

 Autumn very fine, dense and filled with resin. 



Horizontal Resin Ducts. Scarcely distinguishable with the 

 microscope (2 inch) in the solid. 



Radial Section. Much lighter in shade than the Transverse 

 section. Pores readily visible : cloudy and indefinite rather than 

 sharp, with little tendency to collect the dust. Rays readily 

 visible, but not conspicuous, dull brown flakes. Rings very de- 

 finite : Spring and Autumn wood sharply separated. 



Tangential Section. As the Radial. The rings appear as sharp- 

 edged loops without fringes. The rays need microscope : very 

 difficult to see : about o - i mm. high. 



Type specimens from commercial sources checked by the sec- 

 tions of Hough and Nordlinger, and by the specimens in the 

 Museum No. 1, Kew. 



No. 245. CLUSTER PINE. Pinus Pinaster. Soland. 



(Not of Bess, or Loud.) 



Plate XVI. Fig. 137. 

 Natural Order. Coniferse. 



Alternative Names. Sea Pine, Maritime Pine. Seefoehre. 



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