GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS 313 



Exalbiiminous, applied to seeds which have no endosperm, and 



in which the embryo occupies the whole cavity of the 



seed. 

 Bxstipulate, possessing no stipules. 

 Extra-floral, outside the flower,; a term applied to some 



nectaries which are situated on leaf-stalks, etc., instead of 



in their usual position within the flower (p. 276). 

 Extrorse, applied to anthers which are so turned that they 



open outwards, away from the centre of the flower. 

 Family = Natural Order (q.v.). 

 Ferment, a substance in the plant which produces chemical 



changes, without itself contributing to the resulting 



products (p. 214). 

 Filament, the stalk of a stamen. 

 Flaccid, limp, flabby, as opposed to turgid (q.v.). 

 Floral envelope, the modified leaves surrounding the stamens 



or carpels, or both, in a flower, and placed below them. 



It may be undiiFerentiated (a perianth) or difi«rentiated 



into calyx and corolla. 

 Floral leaf, a leaf modified to form one of the parts of a flower 



— e.g., a sepal, a petal, a stamen, or a carpel. 

 Flower, a shoot bearing modified leaves devoted to sexual 



reproduction. The flower may consist of stamens or 



carpels alone, or both, with or without a floral envelope. 



In a hermaphrodite flower the stamens are always placed 



below the carpels. 

 Follicle, a dehiscent fruit, composed of a single carpel contain- 

 ing several seeds. 

 Fruit, the ripened carpel or carpels of a single flower, enclosing 



one or more seeds. 

 Function, the part or r61e performed by any organ — e.g., 



reproduction is the function of the flower. 

 GaU, an abnormal growth, caused by an insect or a fungus 



(p. 290). 



