130 MANUAL OF GARDENING 
and 145 show the tops of trees after pruning. Strong branchy 
trees, as Appi pears, and ornamental trees, are usually headed 
back in this way, upon planting. If the tree 
has one straight leader and many or several 
slender branches (Fig. 146), it is usually 
pruned, as in Fig. 147, each branch being 
cut back to one or two buds. If there are 
no branches, or very few of them, — in which 
case there will be good buds upon the main 
stem, —the leader may be cut back a third 
or half its length, toa mere whip. Ornamen- 
: tal bushes with long tops are usually cut 
144. Pruned young back a third or a half when set, as shown 
Bee in Fig. 45. 
Always leave a little of the small 
bud-making growth. The practice of 
cutting back shade trees to mere long 
clubs, or poles, with no small twigs, 
is to be discouraged. The tree in 
such case is obliged to force out ad- 
ventitious buds from the old wood, 
and it may not have vigor enough to 
do this; and the process may be so 
long delayed as to allow the tree to be 
overtaken by drought before it gets a 
start. 
Removing very large trees. 145. Pruned young tree. 
Very large trees can often be moved with safety. It is es- 
sential that the transplanting be done when the trees are per- 
fectly dormant, — winter being preferable, — that a large mass 
of earth and roots be taken with the tree, and that the top be 
vigorously cut back. Large trees are often moved in winter 
on a stone-boat, by securing a large ball of earth frozen about 
