394 MANUAL OF GARDENING 
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Open-ground plants should be set about as deep as they stood 
previously, excepting budded or grafted plants, which should be set 
so that the union of the stock and graft will be 2 to 4 inches be- 
low the surface of the ground. Plants from pots may also be set an 
inch deeper than they stood in the pots. The soil should be in a fri- 
able condition. Roses should have the soil compact immediately 
about their roots; but we should distinguish between planting roses 
and setting fence posts. The dryer the soil the more firmly it may be 
pressed. 
As a general statement, it may be said that roses on their own roots 
will prove more satisfactory for the general run of planters than budded 
stock. On own-rooted stock, the suckers or shoots from below the 
surface of the soil will be of the same kind, whereas with budded roses 
there is danger of the stock (usually Manetti or dog rose) starting into 
growth and, not being discovered, outgrowing the bud, taking posses- 
sion, and finally killing out the weaker growth. Still, if the plants 
are set deep enough to prevent adventitious buds of the stock from 
starting and the grower is alert, this difficulty is reduced to a minimum. 
There is no question but that finer roses may be grown than from plants 
on their own roots, withstanding the heat of the American summer, if 
the grower takes the proper precautions. 
Pruning roses. 
In pruning roses, determine whether they bloom on canes arising 
each year from the ground or near the ground, or whether they make 
perennial tops; also form a clear idea whether an abundance of flowers 
is wanted for garden effects, or whether large specimen blooms are 
desired. 
If one is pruning the hybrid perpetual or remontant roses (which are 
now the common garden roses), he cuts back all very vigorous canes 
perhaps one-half their length immediately after the June bloom is 
past in order to produce new, strong shoots for fall flowering, and also 
to make good bottoms for the next year’s bloom. Very severe sum- 
mer pruning, however, is likely to produce too much leafy growth. 
In the fall, all canes may be shortened to 3 feet, four or five of the 
best canes being left to each plant. In spring, these canes are again 
cut back to fresh wood, leaving perhaps four or five good buds on 
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