410 MANUAL OF GARDENING 
The pear is dwarfed when it is grown on the root of quince. 
Dwarf pears may be planted as close as ten feet apart each way, 
although more room should be given them if possible. Paradise 
dwarfs (apples) may be planted eight or ten feet each way, 
and doucin twice that distance. All dwarfs should be kept 
small by vigorous annual heading-in. If the tree is making 
good growth, say one to three feet, a half to two-thirds of the 
growth may be taken off in winter. A dwarf apple or pear 
tree should be kept within a height of twelve or fifteen feet, and 
it should not attain this stature-in less than ten or twelve years. 
A dwarf apple tree, in full bearing, should average from two 
pecks to a bushel of first quality apples, and a dwarf pear should 
do somewhat more than this. 
If one grows dwarf fruit trees, he should expect to give them 
extra attention in pruning and cultivating. Only in very ex- 
ceptional instances can the dwarf fruits be expected to equal the 
free-growing standards in commercial results. This is particu- 
larly true of dwarf apples, which are practically home-garden 
plants in this country. This being the case, only the choice 
dessert fruits should be attempted on paradise and doucin roots. 
For home gardens the paradise will probably give more satis- 
faction than the doucin. 
If the tree is taken young, it may be trained along a wall or 
on an espalier trellis; and in such conditions the fruits should 
be of extra quality if the varieties are choice. Plate XXII 
shows the training of adwarf pear onawall. This tree has been 
many years in good bearing. In most parts of the country a 
southern wall exposure is likely to force the bloom so early as to 
invite danger from spring frosts. 
Age and size of trees. 
For ordinary planting, it is desirable to choose trees two years 
from bud or graft, except in case of the peach, which should be 
one year old. Many growers find strong one-year trees prefer- 
