APPLE 417 
Insects and diseases of the apple (see p. 198). 
Among the insects most commonly found on the apple tree are the 
codlin-moth, canker-worm, and tent-caterpillar. The codlin-moth 
lays its egg on the fruit soon after the blossoms fall, and the larve, 
on hatching, eat their way inside. A thorough spraying of the trees 
with arsenites (p. 201) within a week after the blossoms fall will do much 
toward destroying them; and a second application, in about three 
weeks, will be essential. The canker-worm (Fig. 217) and tent-cater- 
pillars feed on the leaves,and can also be destroyed by means of arsen- 
ites. To be effective against the former, however, the applications 
must be made soon after they hatch, and very thoroughly. 
A close watch should be kept for borers. Whenever the bark 
appears to be dead or sunken in patches, remove it and search for the 
cause. A borer will usually be found underneath the bark. About 
the base of the tree the most serious injury occurs from borers, since 
the insect which enters there bores into the hard wood. His presence 
can be determined by the chips that are cast from his burrows. If 
the trees are well cultivated and in a thrifty growing condition, the 
injury will be greatly reduced. It will be well to wash the trunks 
and larger branches with soft soap, thinned with water so that it can 
be applied with a brush or broom, during the spring. The addition 
of an ounce of Paris green in each five gallons of the wash will be of 
value. The only real remedy, however, is to dig the borers out. 
The most troublesome disease of the apple is the apple-scab, which 
disfigures the fruit as well as lessens its size. It also often does much 
harm to the foliage, and thus checks the growth of the trees (Fig. 214). 
The Baldwin, Fameuse, Northern Spy and Red Canada are particularly 
subject to this disease, and it is much more troublesome in moist 
seasons than when the weather is dry. The use of fungicides will do 
much to lessen the injury from this disease. 
Varieties of apple. 
The selection of varieties of apples for home use is, to a large extent, 
a personal matter; and no one may say what to plant. A variety 
that is successfully grown in one section may prove disappointing 
in another. One should study the locality in which he wishes to 
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