430 MANUAL OF GARDENING 
same style of pruning, — for training is only the disposition or ar 
rangement of the parts. 
On arbors, it is best to carry one permanent arm or trunk from each 
root over the framework to the peak. Each year the canes are cut 
back to short spurs (of 2 or 3 buds) along the sides 
of this trunk. 
Grapes are set from 6 to 8 feet apart in rows 
which are 8 to 10 feet apart. - A trellis made of 2 or 
3 wires is the best support. Slat trellises catch too 
much wind and blow down. Avoid stimulating 
manures. In very cold climates, the vines may be 
taken off the trellis in early winter and laid on the 
ground and lightly covered with ; 
earth. Along the boundaries of 
home lots, where grapes are often WW 
planted, little is to be expected in the way of fruit 
because the ground is not well tilled. 
The grape is subject to many insects and diseases, 
some of which are very destructive. The black-rot 
is the most usual trouble. See p. 209. 
To produce bunches of high quality and free from 
rot and frost injury, grapesare some-_ ff JU! 
times bagged. When the grapes are 279. The second 
about half grown, the bunch is covered _ stage inadjust- 
with a grocer’s manila bag. The bags “5 aie Hoes 
remain until the fruit is ripe. The grapes usually mature 
earlier in the bags. The top of the bag is split, and 
the flaps are secured over the branch with a pin; Figs. 
278, 279, 280 explain the operation. 
In all the above discussion, the so-called native 
grapes alone are considered. In California, the Euro- 
pean or vinifera types are grown, the requirements of 
which are radically different from those of the eastern kinds. 
278. Bag ready to 
be applied. 
280. The bag- 
ging complete. 
Varieties of grapes. 
Under nearly all conditions, the Concord will be a valuable black 
variety, although Worden, which is a few days earlier, may be pres 
