432 MANUAL OF GARDENING 
joints beyond the second bunch. To keep down red spider and thrips, 
the foliage should be sprayed with water every bright morning except 
during the blooming season. At least one-third of the berries should 
be thinned from each bunch; do not be afraid of taking out too many. 
Water the inside border frequently all through the summer, and the 
outside occasionally if the season is dry. Mildew may appear in July. 
The best preventives are to syringe faithfully, admit air freely, and 
sprinkle sulfur on the ground. 
Fruit may be kept fresh on the vines in a warm (or artificially 
heated) grapery until late December; in a coldhouse it must be picked 
before frost. After the fruit is off, ventilate from top and bottom 
and withhold water, so as thoroughly to ripen the wood. Along in 
November the canes are pruned, covered with straw or wrapped with 
mats and laid down till spring. Black Hamburg is superior to all other 
varieties for a cold grapery; Bowood Muscat, Muscat of Alexandria, 
and Chasselas Musque may be added in the warmhouse. Good vines 
will live and bear almost indefinitely. 
Mulberry. — Both for fruit and ornament the mulberry should be 
more generally planted. Even if the fruit is not to the taste, the tree 
is naturally open-centered and round-headed, and is an interesting 
subject; some of the varieties have finely cut leaves. The fruits are 
in great demand by the birds, and after they begin to ripen the straw- 
berry beds and cherry trees are freer from robins and other fruit- 
eating birds. For this reason alone they are a valuable tree for the 
fruit-grower. Trees may be purchased cheaper than one can propa- 
gate them. 
If planted in orchard form, place them 25 to 30 feet apart. 
About the borders of a place they can go closer. The Rus- 
sian varieties are often planted for windbreaks, for they are very 
hardy and thrive under the greatest neglect; and for this purpose 
they may be planted 8 to 20 feet apart. The Russians make ex- 
cellent screens. They stand clipping well. The fruit of the Russians 
varies in quality, as the trees are usually directly from seed; but now 
and then a tree bears excellent fruit. 
New American, Trowbridge, and Thorburn are leading kinds of 
fruit-bearing mulberries for the North. The true Downing is not 
