THE ORIGIN OF FLORAL APPENDAGES. 139 



of hairs. Similarly, those of Cecidomyia Ulmarice on Spircea 

 Ulmaria are haiiy outside, and papillose within ; while similar 

 ones of a Phytoptus on the Sycamore are lined with long 

 blunt-ended hairs, and are clothed without by others, long 

 and pointed. In all these cases the galls, as well as the 

 hairs, are the product of in-itatioa set up by the presence of 

 the egg deposited by the insect.* 



As another very common instance of the presence of 

 epidermal papillae and hairs, may be mentioned their occur- 

 rence in the stylar and ovarian cavities. The former, and 

 the placentas especially, may be clothed with delicate hairs 

 exactly resembling root-hairs. Such may be well seen in 

 the Poplar, Tamus, Richardia ^thiopica, etc.; and since M. 

 Guignard t has discovered that the mechanical and physio- 

 logical irritation of the pollen-tubes is required to cause 

 their development on the walls of the ovary in Yunilla, 

 between the longitudinal bands of conducting tissue, it is, 

 I think, a by no means improbable theory that the tufts of 

 hairs over the nectaries, " tangles," " wheels," etc., on the 

 filaments or corolla-tubes, have been actually caused by the 

 irritation of insects, since they occur just where such irrita- 

 tions are made. 



One use of certain outgrowths has been regarded as 

 intended to protect the honey from rain. Why, however, 

 some flowers should be so favoured while many others, as 

 of the UmbelUfercB, have no protection at all, is not stated. 

 The interpretation I have here offered will, of course, apply 

 to all such growths, whenever they may really keep off rain 

 or " unwelcome guests." 



• Krasan has lately discussed the formation of the wooUiness of 

 galls, etc., Oegierr. Bot. Zeitechr., xxxvii. (1887), pp. 7, 47, 93, seqq. 



+ Sur la PoUinisation et ses Effeta chez les Orchidies, par M. L. 

 Guignard, Ann. des Sci. Nat., torn, iv., 1886, p. 202. 



