266 THE STRUCTUKE OF BLOWEES. 



characters preTailinej in this group consist of elongated 

 papillose or plumose stigmas, or else they spread out into 

 laminae (Eupliorhia) . The filaments are usually slender and 

 movable, with vei'satile anthers, bearing incoherent and 

 often smooth pollen-grains. In some cases the filaments are 

 elastic, and project the pollen outwards ; or the whole flower 

 may oscillate on a slender pedicel or peduncle, as the catkins 

 of the Amentiferce, the flowers of Rumex, etc. Long, slender 

 filaments are seen in Grasses, Sedges, Rushes, Hemp and 

 Hop, Plantains, Littorella, and Poterium. Nettles and their 

 allies are remarkable for their elastic filaments, which 

 materially aid in the dispersal of the pollen. 



On the other hand. Palms, Bulrushes, etc., have more or 

 less rigidly fixed flowers and floral organs. 



There is little doubt but that all wind-fertilised angio- 

 sperms are degradations from insect-fertilised flowers. This 

 is obviously so when many of the allies of an anemophilons 

 genus or species are constructed for insects. Thus, Miiller 

 says that Thalictrum minus * is anemophilons, while T. 

 flavum is visited by several species of insects. Poterium 

 Sanguisorha is anemophilons; and Sanguisorba officinalis 

 presumably was so formerly, but has reacquired an entomo- 

 philous habit; the whole tribe Poteriem being, in fact, a 

 degraded group which has descended from PotentilleoB. Plan- 

 tains retain their corolla, but in a degraded form. Juneece 

 are degraded Lilies ; while Cyperacece and Qramineoe among 

 monocotyledons may be ranked with Amentiferae among 

 dicotyledons, as representing orders which have retrograded 

 very far from the entomophilous forms from which they 

 were possibly and probably descended. 



• I do not know on what reason j for the stigmas are not charac- 

 teristic of snch flowers. On d priori grounds I shonld have inferred its 

 being self-fertilising, as the anthers completely conceal the few and 

 email carpels. 



