326 ARACHN01DEA AND PALsEOSTRACA. 



clawed or else truly chelate. The first pair of limbs are like antennse. 

 Respiration is by two pairs of lung-sacs. In Thelyphonus there is a long 

 terminal whip. 



Order 4. Phalangim: (or Opilionina). " Harvest-men," e.g. 

 Phalangium. 



The small spider-like " harvest-men " are noted for their extremely 

 long legs, by which they stalk slowly along, avoiding the glare of day. 

 The broad six-segmented abdomen is not distinct from the thorax ; the 

 chelicerae are chelate ; the pedipalps are like legs. Respiration is by 

 tubular trachese. The harvest-men are sometimes called daddy longlegs, 

 but we reserve that name for the crane-fly ( Tipula oleraced). Nor are 

 they to be confused with the troublesome "harvest-bugs" [Trombidium 

 holosericeuni), which are minute red mites. The harvest-men do not 

 trouble us, but feed on small insects. 



Order 5. Solpugid^: or SolifuG/'E, e.g. Galeodes or Solpuga. 



Active, pugnacious, venomous, nocturnal little animals, found in the 

 warmer parts of the eaith. The head and abdomen are distinct from 

 the thorax. The thorax has three segments, the abdomen nine or ten. 

 The chelicerce are chelate, the pedipalps like long legs. The respiration 

 is by means of tubular trachea. The segmentation of the thorax is 

 remarkable. 



Order 6. ARANEiDiE. Spiders. 



Spiders are found almost everywhere upon the earth, and 

 a few are at home in fresh water. Most of them live on 

 the juices of insects, and many form webs in which their 

 victims are snared. They may be divided, according to 

 habit, into the wanderers who spin little, and the sedentary 

 forms who spin much. The body consists of an unseg- 

 mented cephalothorax and a soft unsegmented abdomen, 

 separated by a narrow waist. The chitinous cuticle varies 

 in hardness, hairiness, and colouring ; it has, as usual, to be 

 moulted as the spider grows. Thus the young garden- 

 spider moults eight times in its first year. 



There are six pairs of appendages — 



1. The two-jointed chelicerEe or falces, whose terminal joint bends 

 down on the other in " sub-chelate " fashion, and is perforated by the 

 duct of a poison gland. 



2. The leg-like, usually six-jointed, non-chelate pedipalps, whose 

 basal joint helps in mastication, while the terminal joint in the male 

 expands as a reservoir for the spermatozoa and serves as a copulatory 

 organ. 



3-6. Four pairs of terminally clawed walking legs. The most 



