RELATIONS OF AMPHIOXUS AND TUNICATES. 423 



The adult position of the anus and of the olfactory pit, 

 both to the left side, and the position of the unpaired liver 

 diverticulum, show how partial this process is. 



Experimental embryology. — As an illustration of experimental em- 

 bryology, and of the developmental potentiality of the early segmentation 

 cells, reference may be made to the experiments of Prof. E. B. 

 Wilson. 



By shaking the water in which the two-celled stages floated, Prof. 

 Wilson separated the two cells, and the result was two quite separate 

 and independent twins of half the normal size. Each of the isolated 

 cells segments like a normal ovum, and gives origin, through blastula 

 and gastrula stages, to a half-sized metameric larva. 



If the shaking has separated the two first segmentation cells incom- 

 pletely, double embryos — like Siamese twins — result, and also form 

 short-lived (twenty-four hours) segmented larvte. 



Similar experiments with the four-celled stages succeeded, though 

 development never continued long after the first appearance of meta- 

 merism. Complete isolation of the four cells resulted in four dwarf 

 blastulse, gastrulse, and even larvae. Separation into two pairs of cells 

 resulted in t.wo half-sized embryos. Incomplete separation resulted in 

 one of three types — [a) double embryos, (b) triple embryos— one twice 

 the size of the other two — and (c) quadruple embryos, each a quarter 

 size. 



Isolated blastomeres of the eight-celled stage never formed gastrulse. 

 Flat plates, curved plates, even one-eighth size blastulse were formed, 

 but none seemed capable of full development. 



Thus a unit from the four-cell stage may form an embryo, but a unit 

 from the eight-cell stage does not. For various reasons it seems likely 

 that this is due to qualitative limitations, not merely to the fact that 

 the units of the eight-cell stage are smaller. For although the separated 

 cells of the eight-cell stage have considerable vitality, and swim about 

 actively, the difference between macromeres and micromeres has by this 

 time been established ; in fact, the cells have begun to be specialised, 

 and have no longer the primitive indifference, the absence of differentia- 

 tion, which explains the developmental potentiality of the separated units 

 of the two-celled or four-celled stages. 



Somewhat similar experiments have been made by other investigators 

 on the developing ova of Ascidians, sea-urchins, etc. Specialisation of 

 segmentation cells appears to occur at different times in different animals, 

 but it is illogical to infer the absence of specialisation from the fact that 

 any of the first four blastomeres, let us say, can produce an entire embryo. 

 For specialised cells may retain a power of regeneration. 



Relations of Amphioxus and Tunicates. 



The above account of Amphioxus will in its details 

 recall to the student the description of Tunicates. It is 

 indeed remarkable that the resemblance should be so much 

 stronger in minor anatomical points than in broad outline, 



