Cedar-Waxwing 427 
C. H. Smith of Coventry, in the winter of 1907-8, saw a flock from 
which he shot one. Henderson reports one taken by Bragg at Boulder 
July 4th, 1904, now in the State Collection at Denver. These con~- 
stitute the only records which I have been able to find. 
Habits. —The Cedar-Waxwing frequents woods, orchards 
and groves, going in flocks, all the year round except 
in the breeding season, and like the Bohemian Waxwing 
is a great wanderer. The notes are soft and subdued 
and hardly noticeable. The food consists chiefly of berries, 
especially those of the cedar, as well as insects. They 
are generally regarded with alarm by the fruit-grower 
in consequence of their ravages on orchards, but they 
also destroy immense numbers of injurious insects and 
are probably more beneficial than harmful. The nest 
is a deep bulky structure of twigs and grasses lined with 
leaves or fine rootlets, and placed in thick bush or low 
tree ; the eggs, usually four in number, are blueish to 
purplish-grey, spotted with brown or black; they measure 
*82 x 60. 
The use and meaning of the characteristic red appen- 
dages are quite unknown; they vary considerably in 
development and may be found even in young birds, 
though as a rule best developed in adult males. 
Family LANIIDA. 
A large and cosmopolitan family chiefly developed 
in the Old World, and only represented in the Western 
Hemisphere by two species of the genus Lanius; the 
characters of which may therefore be used to diagnose 
the American members of the family. 
Genus LANIUS. 
Bill robust, compressed, strongly hooked and toothed ; nostrils 
basal, nearly round, partly at any rate concealed by bristles; rictal 
bristles numerous ; wing rather short and rounded, of ten primaries, 
the outer (tenth) about half the length of the ninth, the sixth, seventh, 
