CHAP. XXIII. 



PAL^ARCTIC BIRDS. 



297 



Europe and Asia, and range throughout the Arctic regions 

 of the eastern hemisphere from the North Cape to Behring's 

 Straits. A few of these are occasionally found in Greenland 

 and in Alaska, but are not found in the intermediate or 

 Nearetic regions, though many of them are there represented 

 by very nearly allied species, showing that the communication 

 across the Pole has been interrupted at a comparatively 

 modern geological epoch : — 



White-tailed Eagle. 



Hobby. 



Merlin. 



Goshawk. 



Sparrow-Hawk. 



Heii-Harrier. 



Eagle Owl. 



Black Woodpecker. 



Three-toed Woodpecker. 



Cuckoo. 



Magpie. 



Siberian Jay. 



Tree Sparrow. 



Scarlet Bullfinch. 



Brambling. 



Eeed-Bunting. 



Euff. 



Temminok'e Stint. 



Oommon Snipe. 



Great Snipe. 



Whimbrel. 



Common Crane. 



Wild Swan. 



Bean-Goose. 



Skylark. 



Eed-throated Pipit. 



Green Wagtail. 



Blue-throated Warbler. 



Wheatear. 



Lapp Tit. 



Common Swallow. 



Black Grouse. 



Hazel Grouse. 



Little Eiaged Plover. 



Oystercatcher. 



Greenshank. 



Wood Sandpiper. 



Spotted Eedshank. 



Oommon Sandpiper. 



Bar-tailed Godwit. 



Teal. 



Widgeon. 



Tufted Duck. 



Velvet Scoter. 



Black Scoter. 



Smew. 



Common Gull. 



From the length of this list it might be reasonable to 

 assume that ornithologists are right in separating the Ne- 

 aretic region from the Palsearctic region, and that it would be 

 an error, even as far as Arctic birds only are considered, to 



