THE MIND OP THE HORSE 47 



forming this action brings him punishment, i. e. 

 pain, and this gives him the idea of not performing 

 the action so as to avoid receiving pain. The special 

 effect of the aids and punishments serving to excite 

 him to motion are the principal means of instruction 

 as by their help it becomes possible to collect him 

 and get him in hand and thus to master him. The 

 term punishment includes threats. Threats are pu- 

 nishments in a weak degree. 



Punishment produces both fear and aversion and 

 as aversion impairs the harmony which should exist 

 between the horse and man, soon after the punish- 

 ment has been administered, and sometimes almost 

 immediately after, it should be counteracted and 

 effaced from the horse' s memory by the conciliating 

 voice and by caresses. This must be done with 

 special attention to the particular nature of the liorse. 



How to act on his mind and feelings. 



The mind and feelings of the Iiorse may be 

 acted upon by giviug liim sensations and associa- 

 tions with things calculated to call forth iu him 



